Anatomy terminologies

[Coach D]

Anatomy terminologies

TERMINOLOGY

Origin: The beginning site of the more fixed end or attachment of a muscle.
Insertion: The site of attachment of a muscle to the bone and/or tissue which moves.

Superior: (Cranial) Towards the head; toward the upper part of the structure.
Inferior: (Caudal) Away from the head; towards the lower part of the structure.

Anterior: (Ventral) Nearer to or at the front of the body
Posterior: (Dorsal) Near to or at the back of the body, or the top of the foot.

Medial: Nearer the midline of the body.
Lateral: Farther from the midline of the body.

Proximal: Nearer the attachment of a limb to the trunk.
Distal: Away from the attachment of a limb to the trunk.

External: (Superficial) Toward the surface of the body.
Internal: (Deep) Away from the surface of the body.

Plantar: The sole or toward the sole of the foot.

[Coach D]

Movement in the Joints

Abduction: Movement away from the axis of the trunk, as in raising arms to the side horizontally, leg sideways and scapula away from the spinal column.
Adduction: Movement toward axis of trunk, as in lowering arms to the side or leg back to position.

Extension: (Straightening) moving bones apart, as in elbow joint when hand moves away from shoulder; Exception shoulder and hip joints - a return movement of the humerus or femur downward is considered extension.
Flexion: (Bending) bringing bones together as in the elbow when the hand is drawn to the shoulder; exception shoulder and hip joints - movement of the humerus or femur to the front, upward is considered flexion.

Circumduction: Circular movement of a joint, combining movement; possible in shoulder joint, hip joint and the trunk around a fixed point.

Dorsiflexion: Movement of top of foot toward anterior tibia bone.
Plantar flexion: Movement of sole of foot downward toward the floor.

Eversion: Turning sole of foot outward; weight on inner edge of the foot.
Inversion: Turning sole of foot inward; weight on outer edge of foot.

Pronation: Rotation on axis of bone, specifically applied to forearms, as in turning hand down by rotating radius on the ulna.
Supination: Rotation on axis of bone, specifically applied to forearm, as in turning hand up by rotating the radius on the ulna.

Internal rotation or medial rotation: Rotation with axis of bone toward body, as when humerus is turned inward.
External rotation or lateral rotation: Rotation with axis of bone away from the body, as when the humerus is turned outward.